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The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, September 2002, Volume 18, Issue 7, pp 748-754; doi.org/10.1053/jars.2002.32835; Daryl C. Osbahr B.S., Patrick W. Cawley D. Sc., P.P.A., R.T. and Kevin P. Speer, M.D. Abstract Content:  The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of continuous cryotherapy on glenohumeral joint and subacromial space temperatures in the postoperative shoulder. Type of Study: Prospective, randomized, and controlled clinical trial. Methods: Twenty patients (10 cryotherapy, 10 controls) with a full-thickness rotator cuff repair were monitored with temperature sensors in the glenohumeral joint and subacromial space of the shoulder for 23 postoperative hours. Statistical analysis (P < .05) was performed using the...

Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, March 2000, 92(3): pp. 699-707; Irina A. Strigo, B.Sc., Franco Carli, M.D., M. Catherine Bushnell, Ph.D. Abstract Content:  The sensation of pain is dependent on many factors, including the strength of the noxious stimulus, state of the organism, and environmental variables. One variable that may be important in nociceptive processing is environmental temperature. Extremely cold or hot environmental temperatures produce an opioid-mediated stress-produced analgesia (see Bodnar et al.  for review). 1 Several studies have also shown that moderately cool environmental temperatures also produce an antinociceptive effect in animals. These animal studies suggest that human pain perception...

The American Journal of Sports Medicine, March 2004; 32: pp. 441-445; doi: 10.1177/0363546503258864; Todd A Warren, NP, ATC, Eric C McCarty, MD, Airron L Richardson, BA, Todd Michener, MD and Kurt P Spindler, MD Abstract Content:  Cryotherapy is commonly applied without research documenting the intra-articular (IA) temperature changes or subject discomfort between ice and a cryotherapy device. The null hypothesis is that no difference would be observed in IA temperature decline or subject tolerance between ice and the cryotherapy device in normal knees. Prospective, within-subject controlled clinical trial. Twelve subjects had IA temperature in suprapatellar pouch and skin recorded bilaterally after...

The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, November 1998; Volume 45(4), pp. 715-719; doi: 10.1097/00005373-199810000-00016; Thorlacius, Henrik MD, PhD, Vollmar, Brigitte MD, PhD, Westermann, Simone MD, Torkvist, Leif MD, Menger, Michael D, MD. PhD, et al. Abstract Content:  Cellular metabolism is dependent on the local temperature in tissues. Induced hypothermia has been shown to be protective in a number of conditions, especially traumatic, ischemic, burn, and neurological injury. However, the protective mechanisms of cold therapy remain controversial and the hemodynamic changes in the microcirculation of striated muscles in response to hypothermia have not been studied in detail previously....

The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1996; pp. 629-633; doi: 10.1590/S1413-78522012000500008; Gregory A. Konrath, MD, Terrence Lock, MD, Henry T. Goitz, MD, Jeb Scheidler Abstract Content:  We performed a randomized, prospective study to assess the effectiveness of postoperative cold therapy in patients who had anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Drain output, length of hospital stay, range of motion, and use of pain medication were all assessed. Patients were randomized into one of four groups after surgery. Group 1 patients had a cooling pad applied to the knee postoperatively and set at a temperature of 40° to 50°F, Group 2 had the cooling pad set at 70° to 80°F,...