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- MCL is a broad and thick band that runs down the inner part of the knee, from the femur (thighbone) to about 5 inches from the top of the Tibia (shinbone).

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The PCL's function is to prevent the Femur from sliding off the anterior edge of the Tibia and prevent the Tibia from displacing posterior to the Femur

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Current Biology, August 2006; Vol 16, pp. 1591-1605; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.061; Clare Proudfoot, Emer Garry, David Cottrell, Roberta Rosie, Heather Anderson, Darren Robertson, Susan Fleetwood-Walker, and Rory Mitchell Abstract Content:  Chronic established pain, especially that following nerve injury, is difficult to treat and represents a largely unmet therapeutic need. New insights are urgently required, and we reasoned that endogenous processes such as cooling-induced analgesia may point the way to novel strategies for intervention. Molecular receptors for cooling have been identified in sensory nerves, and we demonstrate how activation of one of these, TRPM8, produces profound, mechanistically novel analgesia in chronic pain states.

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British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2000; 34: pp. 382-384; doi: 10.1136/bjsm.34.5.382; Colin A Graham, James Stevenson Abstract Content:  A severe case of frostbite injury to the right foot is presented. This was caused by the inappropriate application of a bag of frozen chips to the foot in an attempt to ease non-specific pain. No specific acute traumatic injury was identified. As the patient was a teacher of physical education, the pain had initially been assumed to originate from a minor musculoskeletal injury. Full recovery ensured after surgical excision of necrotic tissue and split skin grafting. The danger of inappropriate over-enthusiastic use...

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Journal of Orthopedic Sports Physical Therapy, April 1994; 19(4): pp. 197-199; doi: 10.2519/jospt.1994.19.4.197 Weston M, Taber C, Casagranda L, Cornwall M; NovaCare Inc., Sacramento, CA Abstract Content:  The purpose of this study was to measure change in local blood volume during application of a cold gel pack following inversion sprain of the ankle. Fifteen volunteers participated as subjects (age range: 18-46 years, mean age: 22.2 years). A bilateral tetrapolar impedance plethysmograph was used with venous occlusion to measure the change in local limb volume at the ankle over a 20-minute period during two conditions: at rest and with cold gel pack application....

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